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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
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Contact Angle01:13

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive...
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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid
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Sub-nanometer Resolution Imaging with Amplitude-modulation Atomic Force Microscopy in Liquid

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Three-dimensional atomic force microscopy mapping at the solid-liquid interface with fast and flexible data

Hagen Söngen1, Martin Nalbach1, Holger Adam1

  • 1Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|July 3, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new 3D mapping method using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) for studying solid-liquid interfaces. This technique allows for rapid data collection and protects the AFM tip from damage.

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Area of Science:

  • Surface Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Probing solid-liquid interfaces is crucial for understanding chemical and physical processes.
  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool for surface analysis.
  • Existing AFM methods may have limitations in speed, data acquisition flexibility, and tip protection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To implement a novel three-dimensional (3D) mapping routine for solid-liquid interfaces.
  • To enhance data acquisition speed and flexibility in AFM experiments.
  • To ensure the safety of the AFM tip during measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM).
  • Implementing a routine for fast and flexible data acquisition of up to 20 channels simultaneously.
  • Synchronizing data with commercial AFM controllers for easy extension to other techniques.
  • Incorporating a user-defined threshold to limit tip-sample proximity.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a high-performance 3D mapping setup for solid-liquid interfaces.
  • Successfully visualized the hydration structure above a calcite (10.4) surface in water.
  • Showcased the routine's compatibility with commercial AFM systems.
  • Validated the tip protection mechanism through controlled measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The implemented 3D mapping routine offers a significant advancement for studying solid-liquid interfaces.
  • The method provides fast, flexible, and safe data acquisition.
  • This technique is readily extendable to related AFM modalities, enhancing its applicability.