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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Creation of Patient-Specific Silicone Cardiac Models with Applications in Pre-surgical Plans and Hands-on Training
Published on: February 10, 2022
Creating a lesion-specific "roadmap" for ambulatory care following surgery for complex congenital cardiac disease
Gil Wernovsky1, Stacey L Lihn2, Melissa M Olen1
11The Heart Program at Nicklaus Children's Hospital,Miami Children's Health System,Miami,Florida,United States of America.
Insights
Neonatal and infant surgery survivors now require specialized ambulatory cardiology care for complex cardiac and non-cardiac issues. A collaborative model aims to standardize care, improve health literacy, and manage long-term consequences for young adults.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pediatric Surgery
- Healthcare Management
Background:
- Neonatal and infant surgery successes have shifted patient demographics in ambulatory cardiology.
- Pediatric patients now present with complex cardiac and non-cardiac conditions, requiring specialized care.
- Current ambulatory care strategies are highly variable due to independent evolution by practitioners.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose a collaborative model for managing complex pediatric cardiology patients in ambulatory settings.
- To standardize data collection and care strategies for improved patient outcomes.
- To address the growing need for coordinated care and manage non-cardiac consequences.
Main Methods:
- Proposed a proactive-reactive collaborative care model.
- Involved primary cardiologists, primary-care providers, subspecialists, patients, and families.
- Focused on standardizing data collection and care coordination.
Main Results:
- The model aims to standardize data collection in ambulatory settings.
- It seeks to reduce patient and family anxiety and increase health literacy.
- The approach addresses non-cardiac consequences and facilitates transition to adult self-care.
Conclusions:
- A collaborative model is essential for managing the evolving needs of pediatric cardiology patients.
- Standardized care coordination can improve outcomes and patient experience.
- Addressing both cardiac and non-cardiac issues is crucial for long-term well-being.
Abstract:
Over the past 20 years, the successes of neonatal and infant surgery have resulted in dramatically changed demographics in ambulatory cardiology. These school-aged children and young adults have complex and, in some cases, previously unexpected cardiac and non-cardiac consequences of their surgical and/or transcatheter procedures. There is a growing need for additional cardiac and non-cardiac subspecialists, and coordination of care may be quite challenging. In contrast to hospital-based care, where inpatient care protocols are common, and perioperative expectations are more or less predictable for most children, ambulatory cardiologists have evolved strategies of care more or less independently, based on their education, training, experience, and individual styles, resulting in highly variable follow-up strategies. We have proposed a combination proactive-reactive collaborative model with a patient's primary cardiologist, primary-care provider, and subspecialists, along with the patient and their family. The goal is to help standardise data collection in the ambulatory setting, reduce patient and family anxiety, increase health literacy, measure and address the non-cardiac consequences of complex cardiac disease, and aid in the transition to self-care as an adult.
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