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Related Concept Videos

Neuroplasticity01:01

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Plasticity is the property where an object loses its elasticity and undergoes irreversible deformation, even after the deformation forces are eliminated. If a material deforms irreversibly without increasing stress or load, then this is called ideal plasticity. For example, when a force is applied to an aluminum rod, it changes its shape, but it does not return to its original shape once the force is removed. Plastic deformation or ductility is thus a permanent deformation or change in the...
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Persistent Structural Plasticity Optimizes Sensory Information Processing in the Olfactory Bulb.

Kurt A Sailor1, Matthew T Valley2, Martin T Wiechert2

  • 1Laboratory for Perception and Memory, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Recherche Associée (UMR3571), 75015 Paris, France; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolf Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA.

Neuron
|July 5, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The adult olfactory bulb (OB) balances sensory flexibility and stability through coordinated structural plasticity. New and existing neurons exhibit high dendritic spine turnover, enabling adaptable neural representations.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Mammalian brain circuits are largely static in adulthood, with learning attributed to synaptic strength changes.
  • The olfactory bulb (OB) is an exception, featuring adult neurogenesis and interneuron turnover.
  • Adult-born granule cells (GCs) form new synapses with limited strength plasticity, posing a question about OB adaptability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the olfactory bulb maintains sensory flexibility and stability amidst continuous neuronal and synaptic turnover.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying the balance between adaptation to new sensory information and stable perception.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution imaging to track dendritic spine dynamics in granule cells (GCs) of varying ages and origins.
  • Analysis of postsynaptic site dynamics on principal neurons receiving input from GCs.
  • Computational modeling (in silico) to assess the impact of observed structural plasticity on sensory representations.

Main Results:

  • High dendritic spine turnover is a universal characteristic of GCs, irrespective of their age or developmental origin.
  • The turnover of dendritic spines on GCs is matched by dynamic changes in postsynaptic sites on connected principal neurons.
  • In silico simulations confirm that this coordinated structural plasticity supports stable yet flexible, decorrelated sensory representations.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent and coordinated synaptic structural plasticity between interneurons and principal neurons is a key mechanism for functional plasticity in the olfactory bulb.
  • This structural plasticity allows the OB to dynamically adapt to changing sensory environments while maintaining perceptual stability.
  • The findings reveal a novel mode of neural plasticity essential for olfactory processing and sensory adaptation.