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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Fruit Volatile Analysis Using an Electronic Nose
Published on: March 30, 2012
Investigating the in-vitro and in-vivo flavour release from 21 fresh-cut apples
Valentina J L Ting1, Andrea Romano2, Christos Soukoulis3
1Research and Innovation Centre, Foundazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, San Michele all' Adige, TN, Italy; Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Abstract:
In-vitro and in-vivo flavour release from 21 different apple cultivars was studied using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) with a focus on the relationship between texture and volatile organic compound (VOC) emission. Generally, firm-juicy cultivars had a shorter time to first swallow (Tswal) and a higher number of swallows (Nswal), while softer-mealy cultivars had a longer Tswal and a lower Nswal. Firm-juicy cultivars containing high VOC concentrations had a short time to maximum intensity (Tmax) owing to a shorter Tswal and a higher Nswal as juice was released during mastication. Swallowing increased VOC flow through the nasal cavity. These results differ from previous flavour release studies with gel/gel-like model systems as juiciness/release of fluids is not a factor in such matrices. The current study, therefore, highlights the benefits of using in-vivo analysis to gain a better understanding of flavour release in real food products.
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