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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Mixed valent metals.

P S Riseborough1, J M Lawrence

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This review explores mixed-valent metals, comparing theory with experiments. It highlights how f-shell degeneracy influences the Kondo limit and Fermi-liquid states in these materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Mechanics

Background:

  • Mixed-valence (MV) materials exhibit properties between distinct integral valence states.
  • Understanding MV materials is crucial for developing novel electronic and magnetic devices.
  • The Kondo effect and Fermi-liquid theory are key frameworks for describing MV phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of the theory of mixed-valent metals.
  • To compare theoretical models with experimental observations.
  • To elucidate the role of f-shell degeneracy in MV systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical models including the single-impurity Anderson model and the Anderson lattice model.
  • Discussion of concepts like Kondo screening, Fermi-liquid theory, and the Slave-Boson method.
  • Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data for MV compounds.

Main Results:

  • The degeneracy of the f-shell significantly impacts the low-temperature Fermi-liquid state.
  • A rapid crossover between MV and Kondo limits is observed for large f-shell degeneracy.
  • Limitations of single-impurity models for concentrated MV compounds are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Theoretical frameworks adequately describe many aspects of MV metals, especially concerning f-shell degeneracy.
  • Experimental validation confirms key theoretical predictions regarding MV and Kondo physics.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations in concentrated MV systems.