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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Calcium and ATP control multiple vital functions.

Ole H Petersen1, Alexei Verkhratsky2

  • 1Cardiff School of Biosciences and Systems Immunity Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK petersenoh@cardiff.ac.uk.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|July 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and calcium ions (Ca2+) are essential for life, regulating fundamental cellular processes. Their inseparable link, maintained by ATP-dependent transport, is crucial for intracellular signaling and preventing diseases.

Keywords:
adenosine triphosphatecalciumcalcium channelsevolution of calcium signalling

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the universal energy currency, requiring low cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) concentrations for metabolism.
  • Low cytosolic Ca2+ (50-100 nM) enables its role as a critical intracellular second messenger.
  • ATP-dependent Ca2+ transport maintains essential transmembrane Ca2+ gradients, linking ATP and Ca2+.

Discussion:

  • Ca2+ signaling governs fundamental life processes, including heartbeat, neurotransmission, cell energetics, and secretion.
  • The adaptability of Ca2+ signaling relies on cell-specific "toolkits" that can be remodeled for cellular adaptation.
  • Aberrant Ca2+ signaling, resulting from alterations in these toolkits, is implicated in numerous diseases.

Key Insights:

  • The intricate relationship between ATP and Ca2+ is fundamental to cellular energy metabolism and intracellular communication.
  • Ca2+ acts as a vital second messenger, controlling essential physiological functions.
  • Dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling pathways is a common factor in various pathologies.

Outlook:

  • Understanding the evolution of Ca2+ and ATP interactions offers insights into life's fundamental mechanisms.
  • Further research into Ca2+ signaling toolkits may reveal therapeutic targets for diseases.
  • Exploring the plasticity of Ca2+ signaling can illuminate adaptive cellular responses and disease pathogenesis.