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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Na3 SbS4 : A Solution Processable Sodium Superionic Conductor for All-Solid-State Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Abhik Banerjee1, Kern Ho Park1,2, Jongwook W Heo3

  • 1School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|July 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new solid electrolyte, sodium antimonide sulfide (Na3 SbS4), for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. This material is highly conductive, air-stable, and can be synthesized using scalable solution methods, improving battery performance.

Keywords:
batterieschalcogenssodiumsolid electrolytessolution process

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • All-solid-state sodium-ion batteries are crucial for large-scale energy storage.
  • Solid electrolytes require high conductivity, good interfacial contact, and air stability.
  • Current solid electrolytes face challenges in meeting these combined requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel solid electrolyte for room-temperature all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries.
  • To investigate the synthesis, conductivity, and stability of sodium antimonide sulfide (Na3 SbS4).
  • To evaluate the performance of Na3 SbS4 in solid-state sodium-ion battery applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of tetragonal Na3 SbS4 via scalable solution processes (methanol or water).
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity (1.1 mS cm⁻¹ at 25°C) and activation energy (Ea = 0.20 eV).
  • Fabrication and electrochemical testing of all-solid-state batteries using Na3 SbS4 as the solid electrolyte.

Main Results:

  • A highly conductive (1.1 mS cm⁻¹ at 25°C) and dry air-stable sodium superionic conductor, tetragonal Na3 SbS4, was synthesized.
  • Scalable solution processes using methanol or water yield Na3 SbS4 with high conductivities (0.1–0.3 mS cm⁻¹).
  • Solution-processed Na3 SbS4 electrolytes demonstrated significantly enhanced electrochemical performance when coated on an active material (NaCrO2).

Conclusions:

  • Tetragonal Na3 SbS4 is a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries.
  • Scalable solution synthesis offers a viable route for producing high-performance solid electrolytes.
  • The developed Na3 SbS4 electrolyte enhances battery performance, paving the way for practical energy storage solutions.