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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Retrieval Interference in Spoken Language Comprehension.

Irina A Sekerina1, Luca Campanelli2, Julie A Van Dyke3

  • 1Department of Psychology, College of Staten Island, City University of New YorkStaten Island, NY, USA; Linguistics Program, The Graduate Center, City University of New YorkNY, USA; Neurolinguistics Laboratory, National Research University Higher School of EconomicsMoscow, Russia.

Frontiers in Psychology
|July 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Retrieval interference occurs in spoken language comprehension when visual distractors are present. The Visual World Paradigm (VWP) effectively measures these spoken language processing effects.

Keywords:
cleft sentenceseye-trackingmemory retrievalspoken language comprehensionvisual world paradigm

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cue-based retrieval theory predicts interference from distractors during language processing.
  • Previous research on retrieval interference primarily used written language modalities.
  • The Visual World Paradigm (VWP) has not been extensively used to study spoken language retrieval interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt the VWP for studying retrieval interference in spoken language comprehension.
  • To investigate retrieval interference effects caused by visual distractors during auditory sentence processing.
  • To extend findings on distractors and retrieval cues from written to spoken modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Visual World Paradigm (VWP) to monitor eye movements during spoken language comprehension.
  • Introduced visual distractors into the experimental setup to simulate interference.
  • Manipulated the relationship between distractors and verbal retrieval cues in spoken sentences.

Main Results:

  • Retrieval interference effects were observed in the spoken modality, appearing immediately in inaccurate trials with visual distractors.
  • Evidence of cognitive repair processes was detected in trials with semantic distractors that were ultimately resolved correctly.
  • The VWP demonstrated sensitivity to online interference effects and subsequent repair mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The Visual World Paradigm (VWP) is a viable method for studying retrieval interference in spoken language.
  • This research validates the presence of retrieval interference in the spoken modality, extending prior written-modality findings.
  • The findings have implications for understanding language processing in diverse populations, including children and individuals with aphasia.