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Related Concept Videos

Stress Response System01:21

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The stress response system, also known as the fight-or-flight response, is the body's automatic physiological reaction to perceived threats. Hans Selye introduced the concept of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) to describe the predictable pattern of changes that occur in response to stress. GAS consists of three sequential stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. This model helps explain how chronic stress can contribute to health problems.
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Stress triggers a coordinated physiological response involving the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This dual activation ensures that the body is prepared for both immediate and prolonged stress management. The process begins with the perception of a stressor. This initial phase activates the SNS, leading to the rapid release of adrenaline (epinephrine) from the adrenal glands.
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Stress analysis under multiple loading conditions is intricate, necessitating a comprehensive grasp of normal and shearing stresses. Consider a small cube at point O, subjected to stress on all six faces, visible or not. Normal stress components σx, σy, σz act perpendicularly to the x, y, and z axes. Shearing stress components τxy and τxz are exerted on faces perpendicular to these axes.
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During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.
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Psychological responses to stress encompass the various cognitive and emotional reactions individuals experience when faced with challenging or threatening situations, such as a job loss. Prolonged exposure to stressors can disturb emotional balance, increasing negative emotions (e.g., anxiety and sadness) and diminishing positive emotions (e.g., joy and satisfaction). These persistent emotional shifts are associated with an increased risk of both physical illness and mental health issues, such...
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Monitoring Plant Hormones During Stress Responses
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Jasmonates: Multifunctional Roles in Stress Tolerance.

Parvaiz Ahmad1, Saiema Rasool2, Alvina Gul3

  • 1Department of Botany, S.P. CollegeSrinagar, India; Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|July 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonates, enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses like drought and salinity. Gene manipulation involving JAs significantly improves crop yield and quality under various conditions.

Keywords:
MAPK cascadesjasmonate biosynthesisphysiological responsesplant stress tolerancesignaling pathway

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Jasmonates (JAs), encompassing jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonates (MeJAs), are crucial regulators of plant physiological processes.
  • Exogenous JAs application enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and extreme temperatures, though effectiveness varies by plant species and concentration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of jasmonates in plant stress tolerance and crop improvement.
  • To summarize the effects of manipulating JA-related genes on crop yield and quality.
  • To highlight the complex signaling networks involved in JA synthesis and transduction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on jasmonate application and gene manipulation in plants.
  • Analysis of research on JA signaling pathways and interactions with other plant hormones.
  • Exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying JA action.

Main Results:

  • Introgression or silencing of JA-related genes substantially improves crop yield and quality in various plant species.
  • JA synthesis regulation is complex and influenced by various metabolic events and signaling pathways.
  • Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are key components in JA signaling and biosynthesis.

Conclusions:

  • Jasmonates play a vital role in improving plant stress tolerance and crop productivity.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate JA signaling pathways, identify universal JA receptors, and understand the action of JA metabolites.
  • Investigating signaling molecules like nitric oxide, ROS, calcium, ABA, ethylene, and salicylic acid is crucial for understanding JA signal transduction.