Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

4.3K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
4.3K
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

2.5K
Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
2.5K
Muscles of the Eye01:20

Muscles of the Eye

5.3K
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and...
5.3K
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

5.6K
The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
5.6K
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

2.6K
2.6K
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

7.1K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
7.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Whole Body Motor Adaptation in Goldfish Using Fish Operated Vehicle.

The European journal of neuroscience·2025
Same author

Cognitive and motor disturbances in depression: insights from comprehensive behavioral assessments.

Frontiers in psychiatry·2025
Same author

The selection of participants for interventional microbiota trials involving cognitively impaired older adults.

GeroScience·2025
Same author

Gestalt, Navon and Kanizsa illusion processing in CVI, ADHD, and dyslexia Children with Normal verbal IQ.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2025
Same author

Selective processing of clinical information related to correct and incorrect diagnoses: An eye-tracking experiment.

Medical education·2024
Same author

Eyes on CVI: Eye movements unveil distinct visual search patterns in Cerebral Visual Impairment compared to ADHD, dyslexia, and neurotypical children.

Research in developmental disabilities·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
10:12

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

16.7K

Superposition Violations in the Compensatory Eye Movement System.

Tafadzwa M Sibindi1, Peter J Holland1, Jos N van der Geest2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands 2Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|July 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Compensatory eye movements (CEM) violate the superposition principle, particularly in the optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These findings suggest CEM systems may use predictive signals for complex visual stimuli.

More Related Videos

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.1K
Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
11:12

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

17.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
10:12

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

16.7K
Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
07:45

Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition

Published on: July 21, 2020

5.1K
Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
11:12

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

17.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vision Science
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Compensatory eye movements (CEM) stabilize vision by minimizing retinal slip.
  • The optokinetic reflex (OKR) handles low-velocity stimuli, while the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) handles high-velocity stimuli.
  • The VOR is typically modeled as linear, assuming superposition and homogeneity, whereas the OKR is known to be nonlinear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether CEM, specifically the VOR and OKR, adheres to the superposition principle.
  • To analyze eye movement responses to sum of sines (SoS) stimulation, a complex, multi-frequency input.
  • To identify potential violations of linearity in CEM under naturalistic visual conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded eye movements in C57BL/6 mice using VOR, OKR, visually enhanced VOR (VVOR), and suppressed VOR (SVOR) paradigms.
  • Applied sum of sines (SoS) stimuli with frequencies including 0.6 Hz, 0.8 Hz, 1.0 Hz, and 1.9 Hz.
  • Compared gains and delays of responses to SoS stimuli against single sine (SS) stimuli to quantify relative changes.

Main Results:

  • The superposition principle was violated in OKR, VOR, and SVOR conditions.
  • OKR showed gain suppression of lower frequency components regardless of absolute frequency.
  • SVOR and VOR exhibited gain enhancement of lower frequencies and reduced lead, while VVOR showed trends of gain suppression and delay reduction.

Conclusions:

  • CEM systems may rely on predictive mechanisms that perform differently for single versus multiple frequency stimuli.
  • Violations of the superposition principle suggest that CEM responses are not strictly linear, especially under complex visual input.
  • Studying responses to SoS stimuli advances our understanding of the predictive algorithms driving CEM during naturalistic visual conditions.