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Related Concept Videos

Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

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Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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Developing Bisexual Attract-and-Kill for Polyphagous Insects: Ecological Rationale versus Pragmatics.

Peter C Gregg1, Alice P Del Socorro2, Anthony J Hawes3

  • 1School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia. pgregg@une.edu.au.

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Summary

Bisexual attract-and-kill uses attractants and toxicants to target both male and female pests. This study details the development of Magnet®, an integrated pest management tool for Australian cotton, despite market challenges.

Keywords:
Attract-and-killHelicoverpa spp.Market developmentPlant volatilesRegistration

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Entomology
  • Chemical Ecology
  • Integrated Pest Management

Background:

  • Bisexual attract-and-kill strategies, targeting both sexes with attractants and toxicants, offer significant pest control advantages.
  • Despite a long history, few such products are available for integrated pest management (IPM) schemes.
  • The development of specific products faces challenges in formulation, registration, and market adoption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the development, registration, and commercialization process of a novel bisexual attract-and-kill product, Magnet®.
  • To highlight the importance of empirical field studies in selecting attractants and assessing efficacy for IPM.
  • To discuss the challenges and potential applications of attract-and-kill technology in modern agriculture, including resistance management.

Main Methods:

  • Development and registration of Magnet®, targeting Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa punctigera in Australian cotton.
  • Empirical selection and blending of plant volatiles as attractants, combined with a toxicant.
  • Comprehensive field studies assessing efficacy, including local and area-wide impacts, non-target effects, and safety evaluations for registration.

Main Results:

  • Magnet® was developed and registered as a tool for controlling Helicoverpa spp. in Australian cotton.
  • Efficacy studies demonstrated local and area-wide impacts on target pests.
  • Market adoption was significantly impacted by the rise of transgenic insect-resistant cotton.

Conclusions:

  • An empirical approach to attractant selection and field testing is crucial for developing effective attract-and-kill products.
  • Registration requires extensive data on efficacy, environmental impact, and safety.
  • While market challenges exist, attract-and-kill technologies hold potential for IPM and resistance management in various cropping systems.