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Temperate phages both mediate and drive adaptive evolution in pathogen biofilms.

Emily V Davies1, Chloe E James2, David Williams1

  • 1Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom; Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom;

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Temperate phages accelerate bacterial pathogen evolution. Experiments show phages promote faster adaptation and genomic changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, highlighting their role in within-host evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Temperate phages are known to increase genomic diversity in bacterial pathogens.
  • Phage presence correlates with increased pathogen virulence and is common in pathogenic bacteria.
  • The role of temperate phages in driving pathogen evolution within hosts remains experimentally unverified.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate the role of temperate phages in the within-host evolution of bacterial pathogens.
  • To determine if phages alter the evolutionary trajectory and adaptive mechanisms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis lung environment.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa populations with and without a community of three temperate phages.
  • Culturing bacteria in artificial sputum medium to mimic cystic fibrosis lung conditions.
  • Population genomic analysis to compare evolutionary changes between phage-exposed and control groups.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial populations evolved in both conditions, but phages significantly altered the evolutionary path.
  • Populations with phages showed increased parallel evolution and faster selective sweeps.
  • Transposable phage ɸ4 integration into motility and quorum sensing genes was a common, adaptive event.

Conclusions:

  • Temperate phages, especially transposable ones, actively facilitate adaptive evolution in bacterial pathogens within hosts.
  • Phage integration can lead to beneficial mutations, driving pathogen diversification and adaptation.
  • This study provides experimental evidence for the role of phages in pathogen evolution during chronic infections.