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Explaining the social patterns of depression: control and problem solving--or support and talking?

C E Ross, J Mirowsky

    Journal of Health and Social Behavior
    |June 1, 1989
    PubMed
    Summary

    Perceived control over life and social support are key to reducing depression. Feeling in control encourages problem-solving, while social support offers comfort, both contributing to lower depression rates.

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    Area of Science:

    • Sociology
    • Psychology
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Community studies consistently show lower depression rates among individuals with higher education, income, male gender, and marital status.
    • These social patterns are often linked to psychological factors such as perceived control and social support.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the roles of perceived control and social support in explaining the social patterns of depression.
    • To examine how perceived control influences problem-solving behaviors.
    • To understand the complex relationship between social support, communication during distress, and depression.

    Main Methods:

    • The study analyzed social perceptions related to life control and interpersonal support.
    • It assessed the correlation between perceived control, problem-solving attempts, and depression levels.

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  • The impact of social support and communication during stressful events on depression was evaluated.

    • Main Results:

    • Perceived control was positively associated with problem-solving behaviors, which in turn reduced depression.
    • Perceived control and problem-solving significantly explained the depression-reducing effects of income and education.
    • Social support showed mixed effects: it reduced depression but increased it when individuals discussed problems, a behavior that rose with support levels. Support partially explained marriage's effect on depression.
    • An interaction effect between control and support suggested they could be substitutable in mitigating depression.

    Conclusions:

    • Perceived control is a significant factor in reducing depression by promoting active problem-solving.
    • Social support's impact on depression is complex, influenced by communication patterns during distress.
    • Control and support can interact, offering alternative pathways to reduce depression.