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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

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The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The...
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Classification of Connective Tissues01:30

Classification of Connective Tissues

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The connective tissues have different properties and functions in the human body. They are broadly categorized into proper, supporting, or fluid connective tissues.
Connective Tissue Proper
Connective tissue proper is the most abundant class of connective tissues. As its name implies, it predominantly connects different tissues in the body. Depending on the cell types, ground substance, viscosity, and fiber types in the ECM, connective tissue proper is further categorized into loose and dense....
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Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers01:48

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

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Skeletal muscles continuously produce ATP to provide the energy that enables muscle contractions. Skeletal muscle fibers can be categorized into three types based on differences in their contraction speed and how they produce ATP, as well as physical differences related to these factors. Most human muscles contain all three muscle fiber types, albeit in varying proportions.
Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers
Slow oxidative, muscle fibers appear red due to large numbers of capillaries and high levels of...
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Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview01:22

Classification of Epithelial Tissues: Overview

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Epithelial tissues are classified according to the shape of the cells and the number of cell layers formed. Cell shapes can be squamous (flattened and thin), cuboidal (square-like, as wide as it is tall), or columnar (rectangular, taller than it is wide). Additionally, the nucleus shape helps identify the type of epithelial cells. Squamous cells have flattened disc-shaped nuclei, cuboidal cells have spherical nuclei, and columnar cells have elongated nuclei.
Based on the number of cell layers,...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue01:23

Bone as Supporting Connective Tissue

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Bone tissue forms the internal skeleton of vertebrate animals, providing structure to the body.
Bone Matrix
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material. The organic matrix is similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues, including some amount of collagen and elastic fibers. This gives strength and flexibility to the tissue. The inorganic matrix consists of mineral salts— mostly calcium salts—...
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Author Spotlight: Genetically Engineered Mouse Models and Pathological Characterization of Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Associated Tumors
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[Grading of soft tissue and bone sarcomas].

I Petersen1, E Wardelmann2

  • 1Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07743, Jena, Deutschland. iver.petersen@med.uni-jena.de.

Der Pathologe
|July 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Malignancy grading in sarcomas is crucial for predicting patient outcomes and metastasis risk. This review details grading systems for soft tissue, bone, and pediatric sarcomas, and discusses novel prognostic markers.

Keywords:
ClassificationMetastasisMutationPrognosisSarcoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Malignancy grading is critical for sarcoma classification, directly impacting prognosis and metastasis risk.
  • Accurate grading guides treatment strategies and patient management for various sarcoma types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and summarize established malignancy grading schemes for soft tissue, bone, and pediatric sarcomas.
  • To discuss emerging molecular markers and their potential prognostic relevance in sarcoma.

Main Methods:

  • Review of histological grading criteria from established systems: Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer (FNCLCC) and Pediatric Oncology Group.
  • Summary of bone tumor grading by the College of American Pathologists (CAP).
  • Discussion of prognostic relevance of gene expression signatures, CINSARC index, and specific genetic alterations (e.g., p53, EWSR1 fusions).

Main Results:

  • Established histological grading systems (FNCLCC, Pediatric Oncology Group, CAP) provide a framework for sarcoma prognostication.
  • Molecular markers including gene expression signatures, CINSARC, and specific genetic alterations show potential for refining prognostic assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Histological grading remains a cornerstone in sarcoma classification and prognosis.
  • Integration of molecular data may enhance the accuracy of prognostic predictions for sarcomas.
  • Further research into novel biomarkers is warranted for improved sarcoma patient management.