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In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
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Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
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Thermodynamics of quantum systems with multiple conserved quantities.

Yelena Guryanova1, Sandu Popescu1, Anthony J Short1

  • 1H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK.

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|July 8, 2016
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Summary

Researchers explored quantum thermodynamics with multiple conserved quantities. They found no limit to extracting individual quantities, but trade-offs exist, with protocols for optimal extraction.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Thermodynamics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Quantum Information Theory

Background:

  • Recent advancements in understanding quantum system thermodynamics have primarily focused on single conserved quantities, typically energy.
  • Existing models often assume energy as the sole conserved quantity, limiting the scope of thermodynamic analysis in quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generalize the understanding of quantum thermodynamics to systems with multiple, non-commuting conserved quantities.
  • To investigate the extractability and storage of multiple conserved quantities in individual quantum systems.

Main Methods:

  • Development of theoretical protocols for extracting and storing multiple conserved quantities.
  • Analysis of the constraints imposed by the second law of thermodynamics on these extractions.
  • Investigation of trade-offs between different conserved quantities during extraction processes.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that individual conserved quantities can be extracted without limit from quantum systems.
  • Identified that the extraction of one quantity necessitates the supply of others, governed by thermodynamic laws.
  • Established explicit protocols enabling arbitrarily good trade-offs and combinations of conserved quantities.

Conclusions:

  • The study extends quantum thermodynamics to scenarios with multiple conserved quantities, offering a more comprehensive framework.
  • New possibilities arise for manipulating and utilizing conserved quantities in quantum systems beyond energy.
  • The findings provide a theoretical basis for advanced quantum technologies leveraging multi-quantity thermodynamics.