Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 27, 2026

Facile Preparation of 4-Substituted Quinazoline Derivatives
Published on: February 15, 2016
Effects of N-substitution on the activation mechanisms of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide analogues
Abstract:
The activation mechanisms of the N-substituted 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide analogues 4-hydroxyifosfamide (2b), 4-hydroxytrofosfamide (2c), and 3-methyl-4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (2d) were compared with that of the unsubstituted parent compound 2a. The reaction kinetics of cis-2b, -2c, and -2d are qualitatively similar to those of 2a in that they undergo ring opening to the respective aldophosphamide intermediates 3, which can reclose to the cis- or trans-4-hydroxy isomers or undergo base-catalyzed beta-elimination to generate the corresponding phosphoramide mustard products 4. In contrast to the general acid catalysis observed for ring opening of 2a and 2d, the N-(chloroethyl)-substituted analogues 2b and 2c undergo specific base-catalyzed ring opening. This mechanistic difference was also illustrated by the rapid reaction of 2a and 2d with sodium 2-mercaptoethanesulfonate (Mesna) under acidic conditions to give the 4-(alkylthio)-substituted cyclophosphamide derivatives 5a and 5d. Compounds 2b and 2c did not react with Mesna to generate 5b and 5c under these conditions. Both the fraction of aldehyde/hydrate present at equilibrium and the cytotoxicity against L1210 cells in vitro decreased in the order 2c greater than 2b greater than 2a greater than 2d. The plasma-catalyzed acceleration of phosphoramide mustard generation previously reported for 2a was also observed for these analogues.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
In 1896, the German chemist Paul Walden discovered that he could interconvert pure enantiomeric (+) and (-) malic acids through a series of reactions. This conversion suggested the involvement of optical inversion during the substitution reaction. Further, in 1930, Sir Christopher Ingold described for the first time two different forms of nucleophilic substitution reactions, which are known as SN1 (nucleophilic substitution unimolecular) and SN2 (nucleophilic substitution...
Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Elimination–Addition
Cycloaddition Reactions: MO Requirements for Thermal Activation

