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During the electron transport chain, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are first transferred to complexes I and II, respectively. These two complexes then transfer the electrons to ubiquinol, which carries them further to complex III. Complex III passes the electrons across the intermembrane space to Cyt c, which carries them further to complex IV. Complex IV donates electrons to oxygen and reduces it to water. As electrons pass through complexes I, III, and IV, the energy released aids the pumping...
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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Sensitivity to Na+ Reveals Partially Segmented Functional CoQ Pools
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Programming Saposin-Mediated Compensatory Metabolic Sinks for Enhanced Ubiquinone Production.

Wen Xu1,2, Jifeng Yuan3,4, Shuiyun Yang1,2

  • 1School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, Shannxi, China.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|July 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Introducing a metabolic sink using human saposin B (hSapB) significantly boosts ubiquinone (CoQ) production in E. coli. This novel strategy enhances microbial CoQ synthesis beyond traditional metabolic engineering.

Keywords:
metabolic sinkmodular pathway rewiringsaposinsynthetic biologyubiquinone-binding protein

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Metabolic Engineering

Background:

  • Microbial ubiquinone (CoQ) synthesis is a key fermentation process.
  • Directly optimizing CoQ pathways yields limited production improvements due to metabolic regulation.

Discussion:

  • Ubiquinone is stored in lipid bilayers, suggesting storage capacity limits production.
  • Human saposin B (hSapB) extracts ubiquinone, forming a soluble complex, ideal for a compensatory sink.
  • Engineered E. coli strains with hSapB-mediated sinks were investigated.

Key Insights:

  • A periplasmic hSapB sink increased CoQ8 production by over 200% in E. coli.
  • This sink strategy also enhanced CoQ10 production in a modified hyperproducing strain.
  • The approach demonstrates a viable method for improving microbial CoQ yields.

Outlook:

  • The hSapB-mediated sink principle is generalizable to other microbes.
  • Compensatory sink systems offer a promising new avenue for synthetic biology.
  • This strategy could significantly advance microbial production of valuable CoQ compounds.