Low-level mediation of directionally specific motion aftereffects: Motion perception is not necessary

Previous psychophysical experiments with normal human observers have shown that adaptation to a moving dot stream causes directionally specific repulsion in the perceived angle of a subsequently viewed moving probe. In this study, we used a two-alternative forced choice task with roving pedestals to determine the conditions that are necessary and sufficient for producing directionally specific repulsion with compound adaptors, each of which contains two oppositely moving, differently colored component streams. Experiment 1 provided a demonstration of repulsion between single-component adaptors and probes moving at approximately 90° or 270°. In Experiment 2, oppositely moving dots in the adaptor were paired to preclude the appearance of motion. Nonetheless, repulsion remained strong when the angle between each probe stream and one component was approximately 30°. In Experiment 3, adapting dot pairs were kept stationary during their limited lifetimes. Their orientation content alone proved insufficient for producing repulsion. In Experiments 4-6, the angle between the probe and both adapting components was approximately 90° or 270°. Directional repulsion was found when observers were asked to visually track one of the adapting components (Exp. 6), but not when they were asked to attentionally track it (Exp. 5), nor while they passively viewed the adaptor (Exp. 4). Our results are consistent with a low-level mechanism for motion adaptation. This mechanism is not selective for stimulus color and is not susceptible to attentional modulation. The most likely cortical locus of adaptation is area V1.