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Related Concept Videos

Divergence and Curl01:15

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The divergence of a vector field at a point is the net outward flow of the flux out of a small volume through a closed surface enclosing the volume, as the volume tends to zero. More practically, divergence measures how much a vector field spreads out or diverges from a given point. For an outgoing flux, conventionally, the divergence is positive. The diverging point is often called the "source" of the field. Meanwhile, the negative divergence of a vector field at a point means that the vector...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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The direction in which the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop can be found through the negative sign. However, it is usually easier to determine this direction with Lenz's law, named in honor of its discoverer, Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865). Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced emf drives the current around a wire loop always to oppose the change in magnetic flux that causes the emf.
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Fluid flow analysis is critical in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and two principal approaches are used to describe this flow: the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. These methods offer different perspectives on monitoring and analyzing the motion of fluids, each with distinct advantages depending on the scenario.
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Author Correction: Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to humans involved the loss of an ape-specific erythrocyte invasion ligand.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Soil Lysimeter Excavation for Coupled Hydrological, Geochemical, and Microbiological Investigations
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Unravelling the Laverania.

William R Proto1

  • 1Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|July 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which infects apes, likely jumped to humans through contaminated mosquito bites. This research investigates the evolutionary jump of Plasmodium species from apes to humans.

Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Malaria is a devastating infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites.
  • The origins of human malaria, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, are linked to ape hosts.
  • Understanding the host jump is crucial for malaria control and eradication efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary pathways and mechanisms of the host jump of an ape-infecting Plasmodium species to humans.
  • To identify the specific Plasmodium species involved in the zoonotic transmission event.
  • To elucidate the genetic and ecological factors facilitating the cross-species infection.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of Plasmodium species from various primate hosts.

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  • Genomic sequencing of Plasmodium isolates from both ape and human populations.
  • Ecological and entomological surveys in regions with sympatric ape and human populations.

    • Main Results:

    • Phylogenetic analyses indicate a close relationship between Plasmodium falciparum and ape-specific Plasmodium species.
    • Genomic data suggest a relatively recent divergence event, consistent with a zoonotic origin.
    • Evidence points to specific mosquito vectors and ecological conditions facilitating the transmission.

    Conclusions:

    • The study provides strong evidence that Plasmodium falciparum originated from an ape-infecting Plasmodium species.
    • The host jump likely occurred through the bite of an infected mosquito, transmitting the parasite from apes to early human populations.
    • This finding has significant implications for understanding malaria evolution and developing targeted interventions.