Related Experiment Video
Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice
Published on: December 20, 2024
β-Adrenergic receptor gene expression in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment and encephalitis: implications for
Seth M Dever1,2, Myosotys Rodriguez2, Nazira El-Hage3,4
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA.
Abstract:
We previously reported that mRNA expression of the unique alternatively spliced OPRM1 isoform μ-opioid receptor-1K (MOR-1K), which exhibits excitatory cellular signaling, is elevated in HIV-infected individuals with combined neurocognitive impairment (NCI) and HIV encephalitis (HIVE). It has recently been shown that the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) chaperones MOR-1K, normally localized intracellularly, to the cell surface. Here, we found mRNA expression of the adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2) gene is also elevated in NCI-HIVE individuals, as well as that β2-AR protein expression is elevated in HIV-1-infected primary human astrocytes treated with morphine, and discuss the implications for MOR-1K subcellular localization in this condition.
Related Concept Videos
Opioid Receptors: Overview
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
Enzyme-linked Receptors
Neurotrophin (NT) receptors are a family of RTKs, including trkA, trkB, and trkC (tropomyosin-related kinase) receptors. TrkA is specific for nerve growth factor (NGF), neurotrophin-6, and neurotrophin-7. TrkB binds...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis
Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenoceptors): Classification
α-Adrenoceptors
α-Adrenoceptors are classified into two main subtypes: α1 and α2. The α1 adrenoceptors,...

