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Related Concept Videos

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy02:11

Effects of Temperature on Free Energy

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The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or the other depending upon the temperature of the substance in question. Likewise, some chemical reactions can also exhibit temperature-dependent spontaneities. To illustrate this concept, the equation relating free energy change to the enthalpy and entropy changes for the process is considered:
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Constant Pressure Calorimetry03:02

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

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Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a substance. The heat is exchanged with a calibrated and insulated device called the calorimeter. Calorimetry experiments are based on the assumption that there is no heat exchange between the insulated calorimeter and the external environment. The well-insulated calorimeters prevent the transfer of heat between the calorimeter and its external...
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Calorimetry01:19

Calorimetry

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When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their...
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Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
10.9K
Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

68.2K
The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation
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Electrocaloric and elastocaloric effects in soft materials.

Maja Trček1, Marta Lavrič1, George Cordoyiannis1

  • 1Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences
|July 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soft materials like liquid crystals with nanoparticles show promise for efficient solid-state refrigeration. These materials exhibit large electrocaloric and elastocaloric effects, paving the way for eco-friendly cooling technologies.

Keywords:
elastocaloricelectrocaloricliquid crystalliquid crystal elastomers

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Caloric effects offer a path towards efficient and environmentally friendly solid-state refrigeration.
  • Research is increasingly focusing on soft materials for caloric applications.
  • Traditional cooling technologies face environmental and efficiency challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent direct measurements of electrocaloric effect (ECE) in soft materials.
  • To investigate the elastocaloric (eC) effect in liquid crystal elastomers.
  • To explore the potential of these soft materials in advanced cooling devices.

Main Methods:

  • Direct measurement of ECE in composite mixtures of liquid crystals (12CB) and functionalized Cadmium Sulfoselenide (CdSSe) nanoparticles (NPs).
  • Direct measurement of eC effect in main-chain liquid crystalline elastomers.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle influence on phase transitions and ion dynamics.

Main Results:

  • An ECE exceeding 5 K was observed in 12CB liquid crystal with CdSSe NPs near the isotropic to smectic A phase transition.
  • Nanoparticles were found to enhance ECE by smearing the phase coexistence range and reduce Joule heating by trapping ions.
  • Significant eC response was measured in liquid crystalline elastomers at lower stress fields compared to other materials.

Conclusions:

  • Functionalized nanoparticles can significantly enhance the electrocaloric effect in liquid crystals.
  • Liquid crystalline elastomers exhibit a notable elastocaloric effect under reduced stress.
  • These soft materials are promising candidates for next-generation cooling elements and thermal diodes.