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Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Mass Cytometry Analysis of Systemic and Local Immune Responses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Wild immunology assessed by multidimensional mass cytometry.

Alberto Sada Japp1, Kerstin Hoffmann1, Stephan Schlickeiser2,3

  • 1Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BCRT, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology
|July 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

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Immunity & inflammation·2025

Laboratory mice, often kept in specific-pathogen free (SPF) environments, show different immune system signatures compared to wild mice. This study reveals immune differences, highlighting the need to adapt lab conditions for accurate immunological research.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Comparative immunology
  • Mammalian immunology

Background:

  • Mammalian immunology knowledge largely stems from controlled laboratory studies using inbred mice in specific-pathogen free (SPF) environments.
  • Mammals in natural habitats constantly encounter pathogens, leading to distinct immune system imprints not well-defined in lab settings.
  • The transferability of experimental immunological findings to human physiology remains a subject of debate due to environmental differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate phenotypic and functional differences in immune signatures between laboratory mice and mice from less controlled environments ('wild mice').
  • To compare immune profiles of specific-pathogen free (SPF) mice with pet shop, quarantine, and non-SPF mice.
  • To understand the impact of environmental pathogen exposure on immune system diversity.
Keywords:
Key terms: wild immunologyadaptive immune systeminnate immune systemmass cytometry

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Main Methods:

  • Multidimensional mass cytometry was employed to analyze leukocyte subsets and cytokine profiles.
  • A 31-antibody panel was developed for murine leukocyte identification.
  • A 35-antibody panel was created for assessing various cytokines.

Main Results:

  • Established murine leukocyte populations were identified, with distinct immune signatures indicative of pathogen encounters found particularly in pet shop mice.
  • Quarantine and non-SPF mice also showed some differences compared to SPF mice.
  • Unsupervised analysis revealed distinct immune cell clusters associated with pathogenic priming, including activated NK cells and antigen-experienced B and T cells.

Conclusions:

  • Physiological pathogen challenges significantly alter immune signatures, creating complexity not seen in standard lab conditions.
  • Immune signatures in pet shop mice reflect extensive pathogen exposure.
  • Adapting laboratory settings to better mimic natural pathogen exposure is crucial for accurate immunological studies, including drug and therapy testing.