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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Flail Chest-I01:24

Flail Chest-I

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Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Novel 3D-Printed Titanium Implant for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in Young Dogs
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Problems With Large Joints: Hip Conditions.

Kyle Goerl1

  • 1University of Kansas School of Medicine Family and Community Medicine, 1010 N. Kansas, Wichita, KS 672147.

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|July 13, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Common hip overuse injuries like greater trochanteric pain syndrome and snapping hip often stem from various causes. Treatments usually involve conservative measures such as physical therapy and activity modification.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Hip overuse injuries are common, with greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) and coxa saltans (snapping hip) being prevalent.
  • GTPS encompasses conditions like gluteal tendinopathy, tears, bursitis, and referred pain.
  • Snapping hip can be extra-articular (e.g., iliotibial band syndrome, iliopsoas) or intra-articular (e.g., labral tears).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common hip overuse injuries, their etiologies, and treatment strategies.
  • To highlight femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) as an emerging cause of hip pain.
  • To outline conservative and surgical management options for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of hip overuse injuries.
  • Analysis of etiologies for GTPS and snapping hip.
  • Discussion of FAI, including its types and consequences.

Main Results:

  • GTPS etiologies include tendinopathy, tears, bursitis, and referred pain, managed with activity modification and physical therapy (PT).
  • Snapping hip has diverse causes, with conservative PT for extra-articular types and potential surgery for intra-articular injuries.
  • Femoroacetabular impingement, characterized by abnormal hip morphology, can cause labral tears and chondral injuries, treated conservatively or surgically.

Conclusions:

  • Conservative management (activity modification, PT) is the primary treatment for many hip overuse injuries.
  • Femoroacetabular impingement is a significant emerging cause of hip pain requiring tailored treatment.
  • Understanding the specific etiology is crucial for effective management of hip pain.