Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

126
The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...
126
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance00:56

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Clearance

447
Clearance is a key pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the volume of body fluid from which a drug is entirely removed within a specific time frame. It is crucial in assessing how a drug is eliminated from the body and has critical clinical applications.
In the one-compartment open model for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, clearance is estimated by dividing the elimination rate by the plasma drug concentration. This equation leverages the elimination rate constant and the apparent...
447
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution01:09

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: Estimation of Elimination Rate Constant, Half-Life and Volume of Distribution

1.1K
The one-compartment open model is a simplified approach used in pharmacokinetics to understand the distribution and elimination of a drug administered through an intravenous bolus. This model assumes rapid drug dispersal throughout the body and elimination using a first-order process. Key pharmacokinetic parameters, such as the elimination rate constant (k), half-life (t1/2), and the apparent volume of distribution (Vd), can be estimated from this model. The elimination rate is calculated...
1.1K
Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods01:07

Determination of Renal Drug Clearance: Graphical and Midpoint Methods

467
Renal clearance, a crucial parameter in pharmacokinetics, can be determined using two different methods: the graphical method and the midpoint method. These methods provide insights into the rate of drug excretion by the kidneys and aid in assessing renal function.
The graphical method involves plotting the rate of drug excretion in urine against the plasma drug concentration. By analyzing the graph, the clearance can be calculated and obtained. Drugs rapidly excreted by the kidneys exhibit a...
467
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

332
In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
332
Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage01:25

Dosage Regimen: Multiple Oral Dosage

336
Understanding how a drug's concentration fluctuates within the body over time is crucial in pharmacokinetics, particularly with multiple oral doses. A graphical representation of multiple oral dosages provides insight into these dynamics. Typical accumulation curves of a drug's concentration in the body reveal a sawtooth pattern, indicating periodic peaks and troughs correlating with each dose administration and the drug's subsequent elimination.The plasma concentration at any time during an...
336

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

C-terminally clustered UGDH hypomorphic variants reveal subtle mechanisms of cellular and developmental disruption.

Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology·2026
Same author

Historical Blood Serum Samples from Wilmington, North Carolina: The Importance of Ultrashort-Chain Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.

Environmental science & technology·2025
Same author

Phosphorylation of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase increases glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and promotes tumor cell motility, spheroid growth, and therapeutic resistance.

Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology·2025
Same author

Detection and Quantitation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North Carolina Sea Foam and the Corresponding Sea Water.

Environmental science & technology·2025
Same author

Trophic transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids in a periphyton-mayfly-zebrafish food chain.

Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)·2025
Same author

Trophic Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in a Periphyton-Mayfly-Zebrafish Food Chain.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same journal

Differentiation of 2-, 3-, and 4-Fluorofuranylfentanyl Using HPLC-MS and Human Liver Microsomes.

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
Same journal

Trends and Circumstances of Pediatric Fentanyl Deaths in North Carolina: A 10-year Retrospective Study.

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
Same journal

Drug Detection in Traffic-Related Fatalities in Connecticut (2020-2024).

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
Same journal

Characterization of Postmortem GHB and a Novel Model to Discern Exogenous Use.

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
Same journal

Development and validation of a quantitative analytical method for urine samples in drug-facilitated sexual assault cases.

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
Same journal

Evaluation of a rapid immunoenzymatic screening kit (SAMElife™) for drugs of abuse detection in hair.

Journal of analytical toxicology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Imaging and Quantification of the Hepatic Vasculature of Mice Using Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound
07:03

Imaging and Quantification of the Hepatic Vasculature of Mice Using Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.9K

Normalizing Oral Fluid Hydrocodone Data Using Calculated Blood Volume.

Oneka T Cummings1, Ayodele A Morris2, Jeffrey R Enders2

  • 1Ameritox, Ltd., 486 Gallimore Dairy Road, Greensboro, NC 27409, USA Oneka.Cummings@ameritox.com.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology
|July 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method to normalize oral fluid drug test results for chronic pain patients. This approach helps physicians assess treatment adherence by comparing patient data to a historical population, aiding clinical decisions.

More Related Videos

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

10.4K
An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Imaging and Quantification of the Hepatic Vasculature of Mice Using Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound
07:03

Imaging and Quantification of the Hepatic Vasculature of Mice Using Ultrafast Doppler Ultrasound

Published on: July 19, 2024

1.9K
High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry
10:17

High-throughput and Comprehensive Drug Surveillance Using Multisegment Injection-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry

Published on: April 23, 2019

10.4K
An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.8K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Toxicology
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Oral fluid testing is a promising tool for monitoring chronic pain treatment adherence.
  • Interpreting oral fluid drug test results remains challenging compared to traditional urine testing.
  • Standardized methods are needed to reliably assess patient adherence using oral fluid samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a method for transforming and normalizing oral fluid drug test results.
  • To create a model for interpreting oral fluid data to assess treatment adherence in chronic pain patients.
  • To establish a historical patient value baseline for oral fluid drug concentrations.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of oral fluid testing data from 6,800 hydrocodone-prescribed patients.
  • Development of a transformation and normalization model using patient demographic data and calculated blood volume (CBV).
  • Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used for drug quantification.

Main Results:

  • Calculated blood volume (CBV) was identified as a key normalizing factor for oral fluid drug concentrations.
  • The normalization process yielded a near-Gaussian distribution, independent of drug dosage.
  • The model provides a dose-independent comparison of patient results against a historical population.

Conclusions:

  • The developed normalization method transforms oral fluid testing into a valuable tool for assessing potential treatment adherence.
  • This approach, by normalizing results using CBV, parallels creatinine normalization in urine testing and reflects plasma concentrations.
  • Physicians can use this model, alongside other clinical data, to better interpret oral fluid test results for patient management.