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Related Concept Videos

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy
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Measuring the Stiffness of Ex Vivo Mouse Aortas Using Atomic Force Microscopy

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Arterial Stiffness: Going a Step Beyond.

Benjamin Gavish1, Joseph L Izzo1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.

American Journal of Hypertension
|July 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Arterial stiffness, a key factor in cardiovascular health, is measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and arterial stiffening indices. High stiffness and stiffening correlate with increased cardiovascular disease risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Arterial stiffness is linked to aging and hypertension, forming a detrimental cycle.
  • Stiffness quantifies the pressure-volume relationship in arteries.
  • Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is a common but flawed arterial stiffness measure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the physical definition of arterial stiffness and its measurement.
  • To introduce arterial stiffening as a more functionally relevant metric.
  • To discuss the clinical implications and measurement of arterial stiffening.

Main Methods:

  • Defined stiffness as the slope of the pressure-area/volume relationship.
  • Introduced arterial stiffening exponent (β) and related indices like PSR and AASI.
  • Utilized variability in blood pressure (BP) measurements for estimation.

Main Results:

  • PWV's pressure dependency limits its utility.
  • Arterial stiffening (β, PSR, AASI) offers a more relevant measure of arterial behavior.
  • High arterial stiffness and stiffening are associated with cardiovascular disease risk.

Conclusions:

  • Arterial stiffening indices provide a more functionally relevant assessment than PWV.
  • While associated with risk, the clinical utility of these indices in improving care quality requires further investigation.
  • Stringent blood pressure control remains the current standard of care.