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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 18, 2026

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
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Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment

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Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Human Immunodificiency Virus Infection.

M S Barthwal1, K E Rajan2, R B Deoskar3

  • 1Classified Specialist(Medicine) MH Namkum.

Medical Journal, Armed Forces India
|July 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection commonly affects lymph nodes and spleen. This study investigated the clinical profile of HIV-positive individuals with TB outside the lungs.

Keywords:
Extrapulmonary TBHIV Infection

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rising incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) observed following the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic.
  • Need to understand the specific clinical presentation of extrapulmonary TB in HIV-infected individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical profile of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients coinfected with HIV.
  • To identify common sites and diagnostic methods for extrapulmonary TB in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Study included 50 HIV-infected patients with extrapulmonary TB.
  • Diagnostic workup involved clinical examination, sputum analysis, imaging (X-ray, USG, CT), and invasive procedures (FNAC, TBNA, pleural biopsy).

Main Results:

  • All 50 cases were male, with a mean age of 35.
  • Pulmonary TB was present in 52% of cases; 82% had disseminated disease.
  • Lymph nodes (92%) and spleen (26%) were the most frequent extrapulmonary sites.
  • Diagnosis confirmed by invasive methods in 60% of cases, with Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) being highly effective (88%).

Conclusions:

  • Lymph nodes are the most common extrapulmonary site in HIV-infected patients with TB.
  • Spleen involvement is also frequent, highlighting the systemic nature of the disease in this cohort.