Lyapunov-Based Feedback Preparation of GHZ Entanglement of $N$ -Qubit Systems

The Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entangled states are a typical class of entangled states in multiparticle systems and play an important role in the applications of quantum communication and quantum computation. For a general quantum system of qubits, degenerate measurement operators are often met, which cause the convergence obstacle in the state preparation or stabilization problem. This paper first generalizes the traditional quantum state continuous reduction theory to the case of a degenerate measurement operator and chooses a measurement operator for an arbitrarily given target GHZ entangled state, then presents a state stabilization control strategy based on the Lyapunov method and achieves the feedback preparation of the target GHZ state. In our stabilization strategy, we separate the target GHZ state and all the other GHZ states that often form the equilibrium points of the closed-loop system by dividing the state space into several different regions; and formally design a switching control law between the regions, which contains the control Hamiltonians to be constructed. By analyzing the stability of the closed-loop system in the different regions, we propose a systematic method for constructing the control Hamiltonians and solve the convergence problem caused by the degenerate measurement operator. The global stability of the whole closed-loop stochastic system is strictly proved. Also, we perform some simulation experiments on a three-qubit system and prepare a three-qubit GHZ entangled state. At the same time, the simulation results show the effectiveness of the switching control law and the construction method for the control Hamiltonians proposed in this paper.