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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

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In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

2.0K
An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

1.5K
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

82.4K
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
82.4K
Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

75.8K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
11:45

Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

Published on: August 17, 2017

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A sensitive electrometer based on a Rydberg atom in a Schrödinger-cat state.

Adrien Facon1, Eva-Katharina Dietsche1, Dorian Grosso1

  • 1Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, Collège de France, CNRS, ENS-PSL Research University, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, 11 place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

Nature
|July 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers measured electric fields using a single Rydberg atom, approaching the Heisenberg limit. This quantum sensing technique achieves high sensitivity for potential applications in detecting electrons in mesoscopic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Metrology
  • Atomic Physics
  • Electromagnetism

Background:

  • Heisenberg's uncertainty principle fundamentally limits measurement precision.
  • Exceeding the standard quantum limit typically requires non-classical states, which are difficult to prepare in large systems.
  • Previous methods were restricted to small angular momentum systems for non-classical state metrology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate electric field measurement beyond the standard quantum limit using a large angular momentum system.
  • To explore the metrological potential of Schrödinger-cat states in Rydberg atoms for enhanced precision.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a single atom in a high-energy Rydberg state as an electrometer with large angular momentum (J ≈ 25).
  • Engineered a non-classical evolution of the Rydberg atom through Schrödinger-cat states.
  • Performed electric field measurements with a 100-nanosecond interaction time.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a single-shot sensitivity of 1.2 mV/cm.
  • Demonstrated a sensitivity of 30 µV/cm/√Hz at a 3 kHz repetition rate.
  • Approached the fundamental Heisenberg limit for measurement precision.

Conclusions:

  • This work establishes a new realm for highly sensitive, non-invasive electrometric techniques.
  • The developed method using Rydberg atoms and non-classical states offers a pathway to overcome standard quantum limits.
  • Potential applications include detecting individual electrons in mesoscopic devices with high spatial and temporal resolution.