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Related Concept Videos

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process01:27

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process

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Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, no work is done, and there is no change in internal energy. But, for an adiabatic expansion, work is done, and there is a change in internal energy. During an adiabatic process, the relation between the pressure and volume is obtained from the condition for the adiabatic process, that is,
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Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas01:18

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When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, the gas does work, and its temperature drops. Adiabatic compressions actually occur in the cylinders of a car, where the compressions of the gas-air mixture take place so quickly that there is no time for the mixture to exchange heat with its environment. Nevertheless, because work is done on the mixture during the compression, its...
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Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
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Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Work Done in an Adiabatic Process01:20

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Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an automobile engine when the piston is in its expanded position. The temperature, pressure, and volume of the resulting gas-air mixture are 20 °C, 1.00 x 105 N/m2, and 240 cm3 , respectively. The mixture is then compressed adiabatically to a volume of 40 cm3. Note that, in the actual operation of an automobile engine, the compression is not...
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Thermodynamic control of anvil cloud amount.

Sandrine Bony1, Bjorn Stevens2, David Coppin3

  • 1Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/Institute Pierre-Simon Laplace (LMD/IPSL), CNRS, Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC) University of Paris 06, 75252 Paris, France; bony@lmd.jussieu.fr.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

As Earth warms, atmospheric models show that shrinking anvil clouds are caused by increased stability, reducing upper-level outflow. This "stability iris" mechanism may narrow rainy areas but its effect on climate sensitivity needs more study.

Keywords:
anvil cloudclimate sensitivitycloud feedbackconvective aggregationlarge-scale circulation

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric science
  • Climate modeling
  • Cloud physics

Background:

  • General circulation models indicate a reduction in convective anvil clouds with increasing surface temperature.
  • Understanding the physical mechanisms driving these changes is crucial for accurate climate projections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fundamental energetic and thermodynamic properties responsible for the shrinking of anvil clouds in a warming climate.
  • To explore the role of atmospheric stability and convective outflow in regulating cloud fraction.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of radiative-convective equilibrium simulations.
  • Examination of atmospheric properties such as temperature, stability, and convective outflow.
  • Investigation of cloud radiative feedbacks and their influence on atmospheric states.

Main Results:

  • Warming leads to rising clouds that encounter greater atmospheric stability, reducing upper-tropospheric outflow and anvil cloud fraction.
  • Increased tropospheric warming and stability enhance deep convection clustering, further decreasing convective outflow and anvil clouds.
  • Radiatively active clouds create a positive feedback loop, promoting aggregated atmospheric states at higher temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The "stability iris" mechanism, driven by increased atmospheric stability, is a key factor in the reduction of anvil cloud fraction and potential narrowing of rainy regions.
  • This mechanism likely influences the maintenance of aggregated atmospheric states in a warming climate.
  • Further research is needed to determine the impact of this mechanism on overall climate sensitivity.