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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

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Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
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Nebulized Fentanyl in Acute Pain: A Systematic Review.

Joshua P Thompson1, Dennis F Thompson2

  • 1Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK, USA.

The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nebulized fentanyl offers rapid pain relief comparable to intravenous opioids, with few side effects. Further research is needed to address preparation and delivery consistency for this effective analgesic.

Keywords:
analgesiadosage formsemergency medicinepain managementpharmacokinetics

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management
  • Systematic Review

Background:

  • Nebulized fentanyl is an emerging option for acute pain management.
  • Intravenous (IV) opioids are a common standard for acute pain relief.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the efficacy and safety of nebulized fentanyl for acute pain.
  • To evaluate its role in pain management and other potential conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of MEDLINE, Excerpta Medica, and Web of Science (1945-2016).
  • Included English language, human primary literature and review articles.
  • Adherence to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Seven clinical trials found nebulized fentanyl to be as effective as IV opioids.
  • Nebulized fentanyl demonstrated rapid-acting analgesic properties.
  • Few adverse effects were reported in short-duration trials.

Conclusions:

  • Nebulized fentanyl is a viable alternative to IV opioids for acute pain, offering comparable efficacy and safety.
  • Further investigation is required regarding preparation, device variability, and consistent drug delivery.
  • The abuse potential of nebulized fentanyl warrants consideration.