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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
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The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
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The gastric glands contain parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) for digestion. The cells secrete HCl because it is highly corrosive and essential for breaking down food. To achieve this, they secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the lumen of the gastric glands, which combine to form HCl.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
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Probiotic Studies in Neonatal Mice Using Gavage
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Tummy Time: The Infant Microbiota-IgA Connection.

Tyler A Rice1, Noah W Palm1

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study tracked infant gut microbiota and immune system development in twins over three years. Findings reveal how the gut microbiome matures and influences immune responses in early childhood.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Research
  • Microbiome Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The early life gut microbiome is crucial for immune system development.
  • Understanding the interplay between microbiota and immunity is vital for child health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally examine gut microbiota maturation in infants.
  • To investigate the corresponding intestinal immune responses.
  • To analyze these developments in healthy twin pairs during the first three years of life.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study design.
  • Analysis of gut microbiota composition.
  • Assessment of intestinal immune markers.

Main Results:

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  • Characterization of typical gut microbiota development trajectories.
  • Identification of correlations between specific microbial patterns and immune system maturation.
  • Observations on the stability and variability of the infant gut microbiome.

    • Conclusions:

    • The infant gut microbiome undergoes significant, predictable maturation in the first three years.
    • Microbiota development is closely linked to the maturation of the intestinal immune system.
    • This research provides a foundation for understanding early-life gut health and immune programming.