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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Pseudo-one-dimensional nucleation in dilute polymer solutions.

Lingyun Zhang1, Jeremy D Schmit2

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Pathogenic protein fibril formation, or amyloid nucleation, is driven by peptide chain conformational entropy, not just size. This entropy creates a barrier, making nucleation dynamics complex and concentration-dependent.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Pathogenic protein fibrils exhibit nucleation-dependent kinetics in vitro.
  • Classical nucleation theory doesn't fully explain this for 1D structures lacking size-dependent surface energy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a theory explaining amyloid nucleation kinetics.
  • To investigate the role of conformational entropy in fibril formation.
  • To develop a model for predicting nucleation rates.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of peptide chain conformational entropy.
  • Analysis of free-energy barriers and nucleation flux.
  • Construction of a 3D model for amyloid nucleation.

Main Results:

  • Conformational entropy of peptide chains creates a free-energy barrier analogous to higher-dimensional systems.
  • Polymer rearrangement dynamics make direct nucleation unlikely.
  • Most nucleation flux avoids the free-energy saddle point.

Conclusions:

  • A novel theory explains amyloid nucleation kinetics based on conformational entropy.
  • A 3D model incorporating entropy, H bonds, and side-chain interactions predicts nucleation rates.
  • This provides a more comprehensive understanding of pathogenic protein fibril formation.