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Bis(carbodicarbene)phosphenium trication: the case against hypervalency.

Nemanja Đorđević1, Rakesh Ganguly1, Milena Petković2

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Researchers synthesized the first phosphenium trication using a carbodicarbene ligand. Theoretical studies reveal polarized P-C bonds and suggest phosphoranides generally lack hypervalent phosphorus centers.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organophosphorus Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphenium ions are reactive intermediates with a trivalent phosphorus atom.
  • The synthesis of stable, isolable phosphenium species, especially polycations, remains a significant challenge in inorganic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first successful synthesis and characterization of a phosphenium trication.
  • To investigate the electronic structure and bonding properties of the novel trication.
  • To clarify the nature of hypervalency in phosphoranide species.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of the phosphenium trication utilizing a carbodicarbene ligand.
  • Theoretical calculations (e.g., DFT) to analyze bonding and electronic structure.
  • Spectroscopic characterization of the synthesized compound.

Main Results:

  • The first stable phosphenium trication was successfully prepared.
  • Theoretical investigations indicated highly polarized phosphorus-carbon bonds.
  • A significant contribution from a dative bond model was suggested for the P-C bonding.
  • Resonance forms indicated a hypervalent phosphoranide structure, but analysis showed phosphoranides are generally not hypervalent.

Conclusions:

  • The successful synthesis of a phosphenium trication expands the known chemistry of phosphorus cations.
  • The electronic structure supports a bonding model involving significant charge donation.
  • The study provides new insights into the electronic structure and bonding of phosphoranides, challenging the notion of general hypervalency at phosphorus.