Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

809
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
809
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

59.3K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
59.3K
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

3.8K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
3.8K
Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

1.9K
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
1.9K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

17.7K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
17.7K
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

3.5K
Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over...
3.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Self-Organized Neural Integrators in Noisy Spiking Networks.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

PKMζ-PKCι/λ double-knockout demonstrates atypical PKC is crucial for the persistence of hippocampal LTP and spatial memory.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

PKMζ-KIBRA interactions, molecular turnover, and memory.

Molecular brain·2026
Same author

Fingolimod normalizes metabolic signatures associated with synaptic plasticity and memory in APP/PS1 model: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor a therapeutic target for Alzheimer's.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Agomelatine drives sex-specific neuroprotection and reduced pathology in rat and human Alzheimer's models.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

PKMζ-KIBRA interactions, molecular turnover, and memory.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.9K

Persistent increased PKMζ in long-term and remote spatial memory.

Changchi Hsieh1, Panayiotis Tsokas2, Peter Serrano3

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|July 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) maintains long-term spatial memory. Increases in PKMζ protein levels persist for at least one month, mirroring memory duration and supporting its crucial role in memory consolidation.

Keywords:
LTPLong-term potentiationMemoryPKM-zetaPKMzeta

More Related Videos

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

28.0K
Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.9K
Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

28.0K
Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice
13:34

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) is an autonomously active enzyme implicated in maintaining long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying PKMζ's persistent action in long-term memory, unlike its role in LTP, remain unclear.
  • PKMζ inhibitors impair spatial memory retrieval for up to one month post-training, suggesting a sustained role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanism for the persistent action of PKMζ during long-term spatial memory maintenance.
  • To determine if sustained increases in PKMζ protein levels correlate with the duration of spatial memory.
  • To establish the role of PKMζ in the formation and maintenance of long-term and remote spatial memory.

Main Methods:

  • Spatial conditioning using active place avoidance and radial arm maze tasks in rodents.
  • Measurement of PKMζ protein levels in the dorsal hippocampus at various time points post-training (1 day to 1 month).
  • Intrahippocampal administration of PKMζ-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to suppress PKMζ expression.

Main Results:

  • Spatial conditioning induced persistent increases in dorsal hippocampal PKMζ levels, lasting from 1 day to 1 month.
  • The duration of elevated PKMζ levels coincided with the strength and retention period of spatial memory.
  • Suppression of PKMζ increase via antisense oligodeoxynucleotides prevented the formation of long-term spatial memory.

Conclusions:

  • Similar to LTP, a persistent increase in autonomously active PKMζ sustains its function in maintaining long-term and remote spatial memory.
  • The sustained elevation of PKMζ protein is a critical molecular mechanism for long-term memory consolidation and persistence.
  • These findings highlight PKMζ as a key molecular substrate for enduring memory traces in the hippocampus.