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Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Persistent increased PKMζ in long-term and remote spatial memory.

Changchi Hsieh1, Panayiotis Tsokas2, Peter Serrano3

  • 1Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|July 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) maintains long-term spatial memory. Increases in PKMζ protein levels persist for at least one month, mirroring memory duration and supporting its crucial role in memory consolidation.

Keywords:
LTPLong-term potentiationMemoryPKM-zetaPKMzeta

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) is an autonomously active enzyme implicated in maintaining long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term memory.
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying PKMζ's persistent action in long-term memory, unlike its role in LTP, remain unclear.
  • PKMζ inhibitors impair spatial memory retrieval for up to one month post-training, suggesting a sustained role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanism for the persistent action of PKMζ during long-term spatial memory maintenance.
  • To determine if sustained increases in PKMζ protein levels correlate with the duration of spatial memory.
  • To establish the role of PKMζ in the formation and maintenance of long-term and remote spatial memory.

Main Methods:

  • Spatial conditioning using active place avoidance and radial arm maze tasks in rodents.
  • Measurement of PKMζ protein levels in the dorsal hippocampus at various time points post-training (1 day to 1 month).
  • Intrahippocampal administration of PKMζ-antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to suppress PKMζ expression.

Main Results:

  • Spatial conditioning induced persistent increases in dorsal hippocampal PKMζ levels, lasting from 1 day to 1 month.
  • The duration of elevated PKMζ levels coincided with the strength and retention period of spatial memory.
  • Suppression of PKMζ increase via antisense oligodeoxynucleotides prevented the formation of long-term spatial memory.

Conclusions:

  • Similar to LTP, a persistent increase in autonomously active PKMζ sustains its function in maintaining long-term and remote spatial memory.
  • The sustained elevation of PKMζ protein is a critical molecular mechanism for long-term memory consolidation and persistence.
  • These findings highlight PKMζ as a key molecular substrate for enduring memory traces in the hippocampus.