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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Structure of a Gene

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Structural Isomerism02:34

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Inter-varietal structural variation in grapevine genomes.

Maria Francesca Cardone1, Pietro D'Addabbo2, Can Alkan3

  • 1Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA)-Unità di ricerca per l'uva da tavola e la vitivinicoltura in ambiente mediterraneo, Research Unit for viticulture and enology in Southern Italy, Turi (BA), Italy.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|July 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study maps grapevine genomic variations, revealing millions of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and copy number variations (CNVs). These findings provide insights into the genetic basis of phenotypic differences in Vitis vinifera varieties.

Keywords:
SRP009057Vitis vinifera L.candidate genescopy number variationgenomic variationhigh-throughput sequencingsingle nucleotide polymorphismtable grape

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Plant Science
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is a globally significant crop for fruit and wine.
  • Understanding genomic variations is crucial for explaining phenotypic diversity among grapevine varieties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create an inter-varietal atlas of structural variations and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the grapevine genome.
  • To identify genomic variations and their potential functional effects on inter-varietal phenotypic differences.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a multi-omics approach combining high-throughput sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and quantitative PCR.
  • Analyzed four economically and genetically relevant table grapevine varieties.

Main Results:

  • Identified 4.8 million SNVs across the analyzed grapevine varieties.
  • Detected genomic variations affecting 8% of the grapevine genome.
  • Discovered over 700 copy number variation (CNV) regions and implicated more than 2000 genes in CNVs.

Conclusions:

  • The generated atlas provides a comprehensive view of grapevine genomic variation.
  • Identified CNVs and SNVs are strong candidates for explaining phenotypic differences between grapevine varieties.
  • This research lays the groundwork for future studies on grapevine breeding and genetic improvement.