Transplantation and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs).

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Cellular Biology
• Translational Medicine

Background:

• Cellular stress responses trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in clinical settings like organ transplantation and cancer immunotherapy.
• Existing characterizations of cellular stresses lack a unifying classification based on clinical relevance.
• A comprehensive understanding of DAMPs and their release mechanisms is essential for interpreting clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an in-depth review of recent literature on cellular stress and DAMP release.
• To propose a unifying concept of the danger/injury model and a classification of DAMPs.
• To review mechanisms of DAMP emission and discuss diverse pathways of regulated necrosis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of recent scientific publications.
• Analysis and synthesis of data on cellular stress responses and DAMP release.
• Conceptualization of a unifying danger/injury model and DAMP classification.

Main Results:

• Detailed characterization of various cellular stresses including heat shock, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and DNA damage.
• Elaboration of mechanisms leading to DAMP emission.
• Discussion of differences in DAMP release patterns and regulated necrosis pathways.

Conclusions:

• A unifying classification of DAMPs and understanding their release mechanisms are critical.
• Linking serum markers of cellular stress to clinical outcomes requires knowledge of DAMP variations.
• This review provides a framework for future research on DAMPs in clinical settings.