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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Related Experiment Video

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The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
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Fetal Valproate Syndrome.

Hatice Mutlu-Albayrak1, Cahide Bulut2, Hüseyin Çaksen3

  • 1Department of Pediatric Genetics, Meram Medical Faculty, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.

Pediatrics and Neonatology
|July 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Valproic acid (VPA) use during pregnancy can cause fetal valproate syndrome, characterized by facial dysmorphism and skeletal abnormalities. These effects occur regardless of VPA dosage, highlighting risks for pregnant individuals with epilepsy.

Keywords:
facial dysmorphismfetal valproate syndromeminor birth defectsskeletal abnormalities

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Teratology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug with known risks of congenital malformations when used during pregnancy.
  • Previous reports have indicated an association between maternal VPA use and adverse fetal outcomes.

Observation:

  • This study details four pediatric cases exhibiting features consistent with fetal valproate syndrome.
  • Patients presented with facial dysmorphism, minor skeletal abnormalities including finger and sternum deformities, and in some cases, bilateral cryptorchidism and speech delay.
  • Maternal VPA exposure varied in dosage and duration, with documented use ranging from 500 mg/d to 1500 mg/d during pregnancy.

Findings:

  • A recognizable spectrum of abnormalities, termed fetal valproate syndrome, is associated with in utero VPA exposure.
  • The observed malformations, including facial dysmorphic features and minor skeletal abnormalities, occurred irrespective of VPA dosage.
  • These findings suggest that even low doses of VPA may pose a teratogenic risk.

Implications:

  • Clinicians should be aware of the potential teratogenic effects of VPA, even at lower doses.
  • Pregnant individuals with epilepsy on VPA should undergo thorough monitoring for fetal development.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the dose-response relationship and long-term outcomes of fetal valproate syndrome.