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Related Concept Videos

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice
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The role of working memory and declarative memory in trace conditioning.

David A Connor1, Thomas J Gould1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States.

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory
|July 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Trace conditioning, a learning process with a temporal gap, relies on unique brain mechanisms. This review integrates animal and human studies on the cognitive and neural basis of trace memory formation.

Keywords:
Declarative memoryHippocampusMedial prefrontal cortexPavlovianTrace conditioningWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Comparative Cognition

Background:

  • Translational cognitive assays are crucial for bridging preclinical models and clinical research in psychiatric neuropathology.
  • Pavlovian conditioning, particularly trace conditioning, serves as a valuable tool for studying cognitive processes across species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical and clinical research on the mnemonic processes involved in trace conditioning.
  • To integrate cognitive and neurobiological findings on trace memory formation.
  • To examine the involvement of working memory and declarative memory in trace conditioning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on trace conditioning in rodents and primates.
  • Analysis of human studies investigating cognitive mechanisms.
  • Integration of neurobiological data from preclinical and clinical research.

Main Results:

  • Trace conditioning recruits distinct neurocognitive mechanisms compared to standard conditioning.
  • The hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) are critical for trace conditioning.
  • Human studies indicate the engagement of working memory and declarative memory in trace memory formation.

Conclusions:

  • Trace conditioning involves unique mnemonic processes supported by specific brain regions.
  • Working and declarative memory play significant roles in the formation of trace memories.
  • Understanding these mechanisms advances translational research in cognitive disorders.