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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography01:22

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Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Using the Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane In Vivo Model to Study Gynecological and Urological Cancers
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Clear Cell Urothelial Carcinoma.

Kien T Mai1,2, Justin Bateman1,2, Bojana Djordjevic1,2

  • 11 The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

International Journal of Surgical Pathology
|July 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) is a rare cancer variant. This study found CCUC is aggressive, often progressing rapidly and associated with poor outcomes.

Keywords:
PAX8carcinomaclearmesonephricurothelial

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Area of Science:

  • Uropathology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) is a rare variant of urothelial carcinoma (UC).
  • Its clinical significance and distinct pathological features are not well understood.
  • Distinguishing CCUC from other urothelial neoplasms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the histopathological features of CCUC.
  • To evaluate the clinical outcomes associated with CCUC.
  • To investigate the immunohistochemical profile of CCUC and compare it with non-CCUC.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 872 urothelial carcinoma (UC) cases over 5 years.
  • Identification and detailed histopathological analysis of 10 clear cell urothelial carcinoma (CCUC) cases.
  • Immunohistochemical analysis using markers CK7, CK20, CK5, CD44, and PAX8.
  • Literature review for additional CCUC case reports and series.

Main Results:

  • Ten CCUC cases were identified, with clear cell change comprising 30-90% of the invasive tumor component.
  • Focal clear cell change (<5% of cells) was observed in over 50% of non-CCUC cases.
  • CCUC cases frequently showed advanced stage (8/10) and poor outcomes (6/10 recurrence/death).
  • Immunohistochemistry revealed CCUC positivity for CK5/CD44 (9/10), CK20 (5/10), PAX8 (6/10), and CK7 (10/10).

Conclusions:

  • CCUC is defined by extensive clear cell change (>30% of tumor cells).
  • This variant is associated with aggressive clinical behavior, including rapid progression, muscle invasion, and metastasis.
  • Immunohistochemical markers like CK5/CD44 may indicate basal cell features, while PAX8 suggests potential mesonephric origin.