Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

4.7K
The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent...
4.7K
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

3.8K
The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
3.8K
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

6.6K
The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
6.6K
Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

5.8K
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
5.8K
Neural Control of Respiration01:18

Neural Control of Respiration

5.5K
The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
Respiratory Centers in the Brainstem
Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
5.5K
Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration01:22

Physiology of Respiration II: Neurogenic Control of Respiration

2.7K
The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
2.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Visual attention-related processes in desert locusts' collective-motion-related decision-making.

Proceedings. Biological sciences·2026
Same author

Tactile Sensing During Backward Locomotion in the Mole Cricket.

Insects·2026
Same author

Six-legged-bound: a newly described insect gait.

Royal Society open science·2025
Same author

Unlocking the Power of Data Harmonization in Environmental Health Sciences: A Comprehensive Exploration of Significance, Use Cases, and Recommendations for Standardization Efforts.

Environmental health perspectives·2025
Same author

The First International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) Standard Dataset for Reporting Outcomes in Heart Valve Disease: Moving From Device- to Patient-Centered Outcomes: Developed by a multisociety taskforce coordinated by the Heart Valve Society (HVS) including the American Heart Association (AHA), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), the Australian & New Zealand Society of Cardiac & Thoracic Surgeons (ANZSCTS), the International Society for Applied Cardiovascular Biology (ISACB), the International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiothoracic Surgery (ISMICS), the South African Heart Association (SHA), Heart Valve Voice, and Global Heart Hub.

Annals of thoracic surgery short reports·2025
Same author

The First International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) Standard Dataset for Reporting Outcomes in Heart Valve Disease: Moving From Device- to Patient-Centered Outcomes.

Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System
10:51

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

Published on: November 4, 2013

33.6K

Endogenous rhythm and pattern-generating circuit interactions in cockroach motor centres.

Izhak David1, Philip Holmes2, Amir Ayali3

  • 1Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.

Biology Open
|July 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cockroach locomotion relies on internal neural networks. This study reveals stronger connections within and between specific leg segments, suggesting a dominant role for internal control in their running.

Keywords:
Central pattern generatorCockroachConnectivity modelExtracellular-recordingLocomotion control

More Related Videos

Extracellular Wire Tetrode Recording in Brain of Freely Walking Insects
15:28

Extracellular Wire Tetrode Recording in Brain of Freely Walking Insects

Published on: April 1, 2014

17.3K
Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes
09:36

Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes

Published on: March 23, 2011

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System
10:51

Neural Circuit Recording from an Intact Cockroach Nervous System

Published on: November 4, 2013

33.6K
Extracellular Wire Tetrode Recording in Brain of Freely Walking Insects
15:28

Extracellular Wire Tetrode Recording in Brain of Freely Walking Insects

Published on: April 1, 2014

17.3K
Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes
09:36

Optical Imaging of Neurons in the Crab Stomatogastric Ganglion with Voltage-sensitive Dyes

Published on: March 23, 2011

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Locomotion
  • Insect Physiology

Background:

  • Cockroach locomotion is characterized by rapid and stable running gaits.
  • These gaits result from complex interactions between internal neural networks and sensory feedback.
  • The precise architecture and interconnections of these endogenous pattern-generating networks remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the endogenous motor output of cockroach leg locomotion.
  • To elucidate the architecture and interactions of oscillatory neural networks controlling leg movement.
  • To identify asymmetries and relative strengths of neural connections within and between thoracic ganglia.

Main Methods:

  • Studied a brainless, deafferented cockroach preparation.
  • Monitored pilocarpine-induced rhythmic activity of levator and depressor motor neurons in mesothoracic and metathoracic segments.
  • Analyzed phase relations, burst latencies, overlaps, spike frequencies, and cycle frequency dependence.

Main Results:

  • Identified stronger ipsilateral neural connections compared to contralateral ones.
  • Revealed asymmetries in ganglionic connectivity, with stronger meta-to-mesothoracic ascending coupling than descending.
  • Found stronger within-ganglion coupling in the metathoracic ganglion compared to the mesothoracic ganglion.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest a dominant role for feedforward control in cockroach locomotion.
  • Observed characteristics of endogenous motor output closely resemble those of intact animals.
  • A connectivity scheme for the locomotion pattern-generating system is proposed based on the data.