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Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular and membrane components, making one side of the cell different from the other. This polarity is essential to many processes such as embryogenesis, axon migration, glucose transport across epithelial cells, and directional cell migration. A migrating cell responds to intracellular or extracellular signals via molecular cascades that reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish this polarity. In these cells, the Rho family proteins Cdc42,...
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The intrinsic polarity of cells can be primarily attributed to two factors- i) the asymmetric accumulation of mobile components such are regulatory molecules and subcellular components across the cell and ii) the orientation of polar cytoskeletal filaments that make up the cytoskeletal networks, specifically microfilaments, and microtubules arranged along the axis of polarity. Interactions between the cytoskeletal filaments are crucial for the establishment and maintenance of the polar nature...
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Asymmetry and cell polarity in root development.

Jaimie M Van Norman1

  • 1University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

Developmental Biology
|July 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cellular asymmetry and polarity are vital in plant development, especially in roots. However, key proteins involved in lateral patterning during asymmetric cell divisions remain largely uncharacterized.

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Cellular asymmetry and polarity are fundamental to multicellular eukaryotes, crucial for development and function.
  • In plants, asymmetric cell divisions drive pattern formation and cell fate specification, particularly evident in root development.
  • Despite the prevalence of asymmetric divisions and polarity, understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially for laterally localized proteins, is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight and discuss asymmetric cell divisions and polarities in plant roots.
  • To examine the proposed roles of positional and directional signaling in these processes.
  • To contrast the understanding of polarity along the root-shoot axis with that of lateral asymmetry in roots.

Main Methods:

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  • Review and discussion of existing literature on plant root development.
  • Analysis of asymmetric cell divisions and cellular/structural polarities.
  • Exploration of proposed signaling mechanisms in root patterning.

Main Results:

  • Asymmetric cell divisions are frequent in plant roots, contributing significantly to patterning.
  • Polarity and directional signaling are critical, particularly along the root-shoot axis.
  • Laterally localized proteins involved in patterning during asymmetric divisions are poorly understood.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular asymmetry is a key feature of plant biology, with significant implications for root development.
  • While root-shoot axis polarity is relatively well-studied, lateral asymmetry and its molecular basis in roots remain a significant knowledge gap.
  • Further research is needed to identify and characterize proteins involved in lateral patterning during asymmetric cell divisions in plant roots.