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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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In general, the term ‘aromatic’ indicates a pleasant smell or fragrance from fresh flowers, freshly prepared coffee, etc. In the early history of organic chemistry, many benzene derivatives were isolated from the pleasant odor oils of the plants. For example, vanillin was isolated from the oil of vanilla, methyl salicylate from the oil of wintergreen, and cinnamaldehyde from the oil of cinnamon. They all had a pleasant odor; hence the name aromatic was given.
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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Essential Oils, Part IV: Contact Allergy.

Anton C de Groot1, Erich Schmidt

  • 1From acdegroot publishing, Wapserveen, The Netherlands.

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|July 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Essential oils can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Nine specific oils showed high positive patch test reactions in patients, highlighting the need for careful product selection and testing.

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Essential oils are widely used in consumer products and traditional medicine.
  • Numerous essential oils have been implicated in causing allergic contact dermatitis.
  • Data on the prevalence and specific allergens within essential oils are often limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify essential oils that frequently elicit positive patch test reactions in patients with suspected contact dermatitis.
  • To evaluate the clinical relevance and potential allergens within commonly used essential oils.
  • To provide recommendations for patch testing concentrations and patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Patch testing of 55 essential oils in consecutive patients with suspected contact dermatitis.

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  • Analysis of positive reaction rates for individual essential oils.
  • Review of clinical presentations and potential co-reactivity with other allergens.

    • Main Results:

    • Nine essential oils, including laurel, turpentine, and tea tree oil, demonstrated over 2% positive patch test reactions.
    • Most reactions were associated with the use of pure or high-concentration essential oil products.
    • Frequent co-reactivity was observed with other essential oils and fragrance mixes, likely due to shared ingredients.

    Conclusions:

    • Several essential oils are significant contact allergens, necessitating awareness among clinicians and consumers.
    • Patch testing with patient-used products is recommended for accurate diagnosis.
    • Understanding common ingredients can help predict and manage cross-reactivity in fragrance allergy.