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Feedback Inhibition

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.

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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.

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Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

The authors reply

Kirsten Neudoerffer Kangelaris¹, Lorraine B Ware, Michael A Matthay

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, and Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA, Departments of Medicine and Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA.

Critical Care Medicine

|July 19, 2016

Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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