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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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Correlation between Gene Expression and Osteoarthritis Progression in Human.

Leilei Zhong1, Xiaobin Huang2, Marcel Karperien3

  • 1Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands. l.zhong@utwente.nl.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Osteoarthritis (OA) progression involves cartilage degradation, loss of collagen type II, and altered gene expression. Molecular markers like SOX9, DKK1, and RUNX2 can stage OA, aiding future therapy development.

Keywords:
OARSI gradingcartilage degenerationgene expressionhypertrophyosteoarthritis

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive cartilage breakdown.
  • Understanding the molecular drivers of OA progression is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify key pathogenetic factors during osteoarthritis progression in human cartilage.
  • To investigate the correlation between gene expression, apoptosis, and OA severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of human OA cartilage specimens graded by OARSI guidelines.
  • Measurement of protein and gene expression using immunohistochemistry and qPCR.
  • Detection of apoptotic cells via TUNEL assays.

Main Results:

  • OA progression showed decreased collagen type II, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1 mRNA.
  • Loss of WNT antagonists (DKK1, FRZB) and increased hypertrophic markers (RUNX2, COL10A1, IHH) correlated with OA severity.
  • Apoptotic cell count increased with OA severity.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression profiling can serve as molecular markers for staging osteoarthritis.
  • These findings enhance understanding of OA molecular pathology and may guide stage-specific therapy development.