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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Multi-Scale Modification of Metallic Implants With Pore Gradients, Polyelectrolytes and Their Indirect Monitoring In vivo

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Published on: July 1, 2013

Multiscale metallic metamaterials.

Xiaoyu Zheng¹, William Smith², Julie Jackson²

¹Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.

Nature Materials

|July 19, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists developed scalable hierarchical metamaterials with features from nanometers to centimeters. These advanced materials offer high tensile elasticity and strength, overcoming limitations of previous 3D microarchitectures for broader applications.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Additive Manufacturing

Background:

Three-dimensional (3D) micro- and nanoarchitectures offer unique mechanical, optical, and energy conversion properties.
Current methods for fabricating 3D microarchitectures face significant scalability limitations, restricting structure sizes and leading to degraded macroscale mechanical performance.
Existing techniques often exhibit size-scale gaps, hindering the development of materials with properties across multiple length scales.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate hierarchical metamaterials with features spanning seven orders of magnitude (nanometers to centimeters).
To overcome the scalability limitations of current 3D microarchitecture fabrication techniques.
To achieve enhanced mechanical properties at the macroscale, including high tensile elasticity and specific strength.

Main Methods:

Development of a high-resolution, large-area additive manufacturing technique.
Fabrication of hierarchical metamaterials integrating disparate 3D features across nanometer to centimeter scales.
Characterization of mechanical properties, including tensile elasticity and specific strength, at the macroscale.

Main Results:

Successful creation of hierarchical metamaterials with feature sizes spanning seven orders of magnitude.
Achieved high tensile elasticity (>20%) at the macroscale, surpassing brittle metallic constituents.
Demonstrated near-constant specific strength across a broad range of scales.
Utilized an additive manufacturing technique offering superior scalability compared to two-photon polymerization and stereolithography.

Conclusions:

Hierarchical metamaterials with unprecedented feature scale integration can be fabricated using advanced additive manufacturing.
These materials exhibit superior mechanical properties at the macroscale, overcoming limitations of constituent materials.
The demonstrated scalability and properties position these nanostructured metamaterials for diverse applications.