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Related Concept Videos

Renal Clearance01:23

Renal Clearance

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The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical marker of kidney function, reflecting the efficiency of filtration by the glomeruli. Renal clearance of specific substances, such as inulin or creatinine, is commonly used to measure GFR.
Renal clearance refers to the volume of plasma cleared of a specific substance, such as creatinine, per unit of time. To measure clearance, urine samples are collected over a 24-hour period during each bladder voiding, followed by a single blood sample at the...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion01:28

Renal Drug Excretion: Tubular Secretion

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Active tubular secretion is a robust, energy-demanding process that utilizes carrier systems to transport drugs into renal tubules. The active renal secretion systems include the organic anion transporter (OAT) for weak acids and the organic cation transporter (OCT) for weak bases. Structurally similar drugs can compete for the same transporter, potentially leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. However, this principle can be exploited therapeutically. One example is probenecid (Probalan),...
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Enhanced Elimination of Poison01:26

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

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Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...
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Renal Drug Excretion: Overview01:15

Renal Drug Excretion: Overview

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As primary excretory organs, the kidneys maintain homeostasis by removing waste substances from the bloodstream. They comprise over a million units called nephrons, which serve as the kidney's functional units.
A nephron consists of two primary structures: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle contains the glomerulus, a network of capillaries where the first step of renal excretion, glomerular filtration, occurs. Blood pressure forces water, ions, and small molecules...
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels01:31

Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Drug's Physicochemical Properties and Plasma Levels

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Renal clearance of a drug is influenced by various factors, including its physicochemical properties and plasma levels. These factors play a significant role in determining how efficiently the kidneys eliminate a drug.
One important factor is the drug's molecular size. The kidneys readily excrete smaller molecules below 300 Daltons (Da). On the other hand, molecules weighing between 300 and 500 Da are excreted through both urine and bile. Larger molecules above 500 Da tend to be excreted...
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Biodegradable and Renal Clearable Inorganic Nanoparticles.

Emily B Ehlerding1, Feng Chen2, Weibo Cai1

  • 1Department of Medical Physics University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|July 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Biologically safe inorganic nanoparticles show promise for personalized cancer therapy. This review explores challenges and advancements in inorganic nanoparticles for cancer theranostics, focusing on biodegradable and renal clearable options.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Personalized cancer therapy is a key goal in oncology.
  • Novel nanoplatforms are advancing personalized treatment strategies.
  • Inorganic nanoparticles offer potential for nano-oncology but face toxicity challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging biologically safe inorganic nanoplatforms for cancer therapy.
  • To discuss challenges in translating inorganic nanoparticles for cancer theranostics.
  • To examine clinical and preclinical studies of biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of inorganic nanoplatforms in nano-oncology.
  • Analysis of studies on biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles.
  • Discussion of toxicity and safety considerations for nanomedicine.

Main Results:

  • Emerging inorganic nanoplatforms demonstrate potential for safer cancer treatment.
  • Biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles are key areas of development.
  • Overcoming toxicity is crucial for clinical translation of inorganic nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

  • Biologically safe inorganic nanoparticles are crucial for advancing personalized cancer theranostics.
  • Further research into biodegradable and renal clearable inorganic nanoparticles is needed.
  • Addressing toxicity concerns will enable the clinical reality of inorganic nanoparticle-based cancer treatments.