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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Multilevel Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion in Degenerative Lumbar Disc Disease with Instability
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The degenerative spine: pattern recognition and guidelines to image interpretation.

P M Parizel1, A J L Van Hoyweghen1, A Bali1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|July 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Degenerative spine disease, including disc degeneration and bone spurs, is common. This chapter details imaging techniques like CT and MRI for diagnosis and grading lumbar disc changes.

Keywords:
CTMRIdegenerative spine diseasedisc herniationintervertebral discradicular painspinal stenosis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Spinal Medicine

Background:

  • Spinal degenerative disease is a frequent disorder.
  • It involves intervertebral disc degeneration and bony growth (osteophytes).
  • These changes can impinge on the spinal canal and neural foramina.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review indications for CT and MRI in suspected degenerative spine disease.
  • To describe age- and microtrauma-related changes in discs.
  • To present a grading system for lumbar disc degeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indications.
  • Description of imaging findings related to disc height, signal intensity, and contour.
  • Review of imaging techniques for evaluating spinal stenosis and endplate/bone marrow changes.

Main Results:

  • Aging and microtrauma cause specific changes in disc height, signal intensity, and contour.
  • A grading system for lumbar disc degeneration is provided.
  • Imaging can effectively visualize spinal canal and neural foramina stenosis.

Conclusions:

  • CT and MRI are crucial for diagnosing degenerative spine disease.
  • Understanding imaging changes aids in grading disc degeneration and stenosis.
  • Degenerative changes in endplates and bone marrow are also significant findings.