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Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Fluorescence Live-cell Imaging of the Complete Vegetative Cell Cycle of the Slow-growing Social Bacterium Myxococcus xanthus
Published on: June 20, 2018
Molecular Mechanisms of Signaling in Myxococcus xanthus Development
Daniel J Bretl1, John R Kirby1
1Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
Abstract:
Myxococcus xanthus is an environmental bacterium that displays a complex life cycle that includes motility, predation, multicellular fruiting body development, and sporulation. Given the elaborate fruiting body development of this bacterial species, M. xanthus has served as a model organism for the study of multicellular development of bacteria, and a remarkable number of genes have been identified that contribute to the regulation of this highly dynamic process. Included among these developmental factors is a robust repertoire of signaling proteins, which have arisen from extensive gene duplication in M. xanthus and related species. In this review, we explore several aspects of the molecular mechanisms of signaling in M. xanthus development. This includes mechanisms of kin selection, single-cell sensing of nutrient depletion and the stringent response, the production of and response to extracellular population cues, and the contribution of several two-component signaling systems regulating developmental transcriptional programs. Collectively, these signaling mechanisms function to tightly regulate the sensing of nutrient depletion, the aggregation of populations of cells, and the temporal and spatial formation of complex fruiting bodies and sporulation of M. xanthus.
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