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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

Published on: July 19, 2017

Long-term disability in anxiety disorders.

Sanne M Hendriks¹, Jan Spijker², Carmilla M M Licht³

¹Department of Psychiatry, Pro Persona Mental Health Care, Zandstraat 54, Veenendaal, 3905 ED, The Netherlands. s.hendriks@propersona.nl.

|July 20, 2016

Summary

Social anxiety disorder and multiple anxiety disorders lead to greater long-term disability. Anxiety symptoms, not course trajectories, are key predictors of disability in anxiety disorders.

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Area of Science:

Psychiatry
Clinical Psychology
Longitudinal Studies

Background:

Anxiety disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying impacts on daily functioning.
Understanding long-term disability across different anxiety disorders is crucial for effective treatment planning.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare long-term disability across social anxiety disorder (SAD), panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA), panic disorder without agoraphobia (PD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and multiple anxiety disorders (multiple AD).
To examine the influence of distinct course trajectories (remission, recurrence, chronic) and symptom dimensions (anxiety arousal, avoidance behavior) on disability.

Main Methods:

A longitudinal study utilizing data from healthy controls and individuals diagnosed with various anxiety disorders.
Symptom severity assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Fear Questionnaire.
Disability measured with the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule II over a 4-year period.

Main Results:

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and multiple anxiety disorders (multiple AD) exhibited the highest prevalence of long-term disability.
Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) and panic disorder without agoraphobia (PD) showed the lowest levels of disability.
Anxiety arousal and avoidance behavior were more significant predictors of long-term disability than the course trajectories of the disorders.

Conclusions:

Significant differences in long-term disability exist among various anxiety disorders, underscoring the importance of accurate diagnosis for targeted treatment.
Anxiety arousal and avoidance behavior are identified as primary predictors of long-term disability in individuals with anxiety disorders.